Nios II介绍

第一章概述

第二章 Nios II处理器体系结构

第三章 Avalon接口规范

第四章 SOPC软硬件开发平台

第五章 Nios II处理器常用外设

第六章 μC/OS II操作系统移植

第七章 Nios II系统深入设计

第八章调试技术

Nios II介绍

from: https://www.altera.com/products/processors/overview.html

Overview

Nios II Processor: The World's Most Versatile Embedded Processor

Altera's Nios^® II processor, the world's most versatile processor, according to Gartner Research, is the most widely used soft processor in the FPGA industry. The Nios II processor delivers unprecedented flexibility for your cost-sensitive, real-time, safety-critical (DO-254), ASIC-optimized, and applications processing needs. The Nios II processor supports all Altera^® SoC and FPGA families.

What makes the Nios II processor the world's most versatile processor?

Application	Nios II Processor Core	Vendor	Description
Altera
Power and cost sensitive	Nios II economy core	Altera	With as low as 600 logic elements, the Nios II economy processor core is ideal for microcontroller applications. The Nios II economy processor core, software tools, and device drivers are offered free of charge.
Real time	Nios II standard and fast core	Altera	Absolutely deterministic, jitter free real-time performance with unique hardware real-time features · Vector Interrupt Controller · Tightly Coupled Memory · Custom instructions (ability to use FPGA hardware to accelerate a function) · Supported by industry-leading real-time operating systems (RTOS) · Nios II processor is the ideal real-time processor to use with DSP Builder-based hardware accelerators to provide deterministic, high performance real-time results
Applications processing	Nios II fast core	Altera	With a simple configuration option, the Nios II fast processor core can use a memory management unit (MMU) to run embedded Linux. Both open source and commercially supported versions of Linux for Nios II processors are available.
Altera Embedded Alliance
Safety critical	Nios II SC core	HCell	Certify your design for DO-254 compliance by using the Nios II Safety Critical procesor core along with the DO-254 compliance design services offered by HCell.

Get Started Now

Start your design today with the Nios II processor by purchasing one of the many low-cost evaluation or development kits available for the Nios II processor.

Nios II processor evaluation kits:
- Low cost, easy to use. For example, MAX10 NEEK Kit and Arrow's BeMicro SDK
- Full of design examples, tutorials, and software examples
- Many Nios II processor community contributed design examples and software on the Altera Wiki
Altera FPGA development kits:
- All new kits include pre-packaged Nios II processor design examples entitled "Board Update Portal"
- Getting started design consist of processor, Ethernet MAC with HTML web server application
Nios II processor Getting Started Resources:
Download a design example, read product documentation, or take an instructor-led training class to get started.

To ship designs featuring the Nios II processor, you will need to purchase a license for the Nios II processor.

Table 1. Processor Performance (MIPS* at f_MAX) by Device

Processor Category	Cost- and Power-Sensitive Processors			Real-Time Processors		Applications Processor
Devices	ARM Cortex-M1	V1 ColdFire	Nios II Economy	Nios II Standard	Nios II Fast	ARM Cortex-A9
Cyclone III (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	80 at 145	84 at 90	30 at 215	90 at 145	195 at 175	-
Cyclone III LS (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	-	65 at 70	20 at 150	70 at 110	160 at 140	-
Cyclone IV GX (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	-	70 at 75	30 at 175	70 at 110	190 at 165	-
Arria II GX (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	-	84 at 90	45 at 300	115 at 180	270 at 240	-
Stratix III (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	150 at 230	104 at 112	48 at 340	140 at 230	340 at 290	-
Stratix IV (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	-	135 at 145	50 at 340	155 at 240	340 at 290	-
Stratix V (MIPS⁽¹⁾ at MHz)	-	135 at 145	50 at 330	170 at 270	320 at 280	-

Notes for Table 1 and Table 2:

1. Dhrystones 2.1 benchmark

2. Per processor

Table 2. Processor Selector by Operating System Support

Processor Category		Low-Cost Processors		Real Time	Applications Processor
Features	Supplier	ARM Cortex-M1	V1 ColdFire	Nios II	ARM Cortex-A9
eCos	eCosCentric	-	-	Yes	-
eCos (Zylin)	Zylin	-	-	Yes	-
embOS	Segger	-	Yes	Yes	-
Erika Enterprice	Evidence	-	-	Yes	-
Euros RTOS	Euros	-	-	Yes	-
Linux	Wind River	-	-	Yes	-
Linux	Timesys	-	-	Yes	-
Linux	SLS	-	-	Yes	-
Linux	Open Source	-	-	Yes	Yes
MicroC/OS-II	Micrium	-	-	Yes	-
oSCAN	Vector	-	-	Yes	-
ThreadX	Express Logic	-	Yes	Yes	-
uCLinux	Open Source	-	-	Yes	-
VxWorks	Wind River	-	-	No	Yes

Features

Nios II Processor Feature Set and Performance

Nios II processor comprises family of three configurable 32 bit Harvard architecture cores:

Fast (/f core): Six stage pipeline optimized for highest performance, optional MMU, or memory protection unit (MPU)
Economy (/e core): Optimized for smallest size, is offered at no cost
Standard (/s core): Balanced in performance and size

Summary of Perfomance

Download the latest Nios II processor performance benchmarks data sheet

Summary of Features Supported

MMU
Memory protection unit (MPU)
External Vector Interrupt Controller with up to 32 interrupts per controller
Advanced exception support
Separate instruction and data caches (configurable from 512 bytes to 64 KB)
Access to up to 2 GB of external address space
Optional tightly-coupled memory for instructions and data
Up to six-stage pipeline to achieve maximum MIPS* (*Dhrystones 2.1 benchmark) per MHz
Single-cycle hardware multiply and barrel shifter
Hardware divide option
Dynamic branch prediction
Up to 256 custom instructions and unlimited hardware accelerators
Configurable JTAG debug module
Optional JTAG debug module enhancements, including hardware breakpoints, data triggers, and real-time trace

Industries Most Advanced System Integration and Debug Tools

Quartus II software includes Qsys, the industry most advanced system integration tool for processor system design. With Qsys, designers integrate processors, peripherals, memory controller, communication controllers, and custom intellectual proeprty (IP) cores in a graphical user interface and the tool automatically generates high performance system interconnect logic.
Quartus II software system debug capabilities provide advanced debug capabilities at every level of the design:
- Transceiver and Memory Tool Kit for protocol and memory debugging
- SignalTap^TM II logic analyzer for signal and logic level transactions
- Signal Probe for IO level transactions
- System Console for register level transactions

Free Embedded Peripheral IP Cores

Rich portfolio of Qsys-ready embedded peripheral intellectual property (IP) cores that are provided at no cost
- DMA Controller
- Scatter Gather DMA Controller
- SDR SDRAM Controller
- CFI Flash Controller
- EPCS Serial Flash Controller
- JTAG UART Controller
- UART Controller
- SPI Controller
- PIO Controller
- Mutex Core
- Mailbox Core
- Timer Core
- Vector Interrupt Controller Core
- Performance Counter
- Phase-locked loop (PLL)
- Avalon^® Interconnect Components

Free Embedded Software Tools, Software, and Middleware

Everything you need to develop robust software applications is provided for you in the Nios II EDS. You'll feel right at home with the Eclipse-based Nios II Software Build Tools for Eclipse and a full range of software and operating system support provided by Altera and its partners.

The Nios II EDS includes:
- Nios II Software Build Tools for Eclipse, a fully integrated graphcial development environment
- GNU tools (GCC compiler, GDB debugger)
- Software examples and templates, device drivers and bare metal HAL
- Free Nichestack TCP/IP Network Stack, Nios II Edition, commercial grade network stack
- Evalution version of Micrium's popular MicroC/OS-II RTOS

See what's new in the latest release of Nios II EDS.

Ecosystem

Embedded Operating Systems for the Nios II Processor

Operating System	Associated Processor	Supplier
eCos	Nios® II	eCosCentric
eCos	Nios II	Zylin
embOS	Nios II	Segger
Euros RTOS	Nios II	Euros
Linux	Nios II	Timesys
Linux	Nios II	Wind River
Linux	Nios II	SLS
Linux	Nios II	CodeSourcery
Linux	Nios II	Open Source Community
MicroC/OS-II *(1)*	Nios II	Micrium
osCAN *(2)*	Nios II	Vector
ThreadX	Nios II	Express Logic
µCLinux	Nios II	SLS
µCLinux	Nios II	Open Source Community

Notes:

1. Evaluation included with the Nios II Embedded Design Suite, but licensed separately.

2. OSEK/VDX compliant. OSEK/VDX is an open standard of the automotive industry.

Middleware & Graphics Libraries

Company Name	OS Supported	Network Stack	File System	Graphics Library	USB Stack	Miscellaneous
eCosCentric	eCos	Built in	Built in	-	-	-
Express Logic	ThreadX	NetX (1)	FileX (1)	PegX (1)	USBX (1)	-
InterNiche	Any	NicheStack TCP/IP Network Stack – Nios II Edition (2)	-	-	-	-
Mentor Graphics	Nucleus Plus	Nucleus Net	Nucleus File (1)	Nucleus GRAFIX (1)	Nucleus USB (1)	-
Micrium	MicroC/OS-II	MicroC/TCP-IP	MicroC/FS	MicroC/GUI	MicroC/USB	MicroC/CAN
Micro Digital	Any	-	-	-	-	GoFast floating-point library
Timesys	Linux	Built in	Built in	-	-	-
Wind River	Linux	Built in	Built in	-	-	-
SLS	µCLinux /Linux	Built in	Built in	-	USB 2.0	-
Community supported(www.alterawiki.com) (Nios Forum area of the Altera Forum)	µCLinux /Linux	Built in	Built in	-	-	-
Altera	Any	-	Read-only zip file system (3)	-	-	-

Notes:

1. Contact company for availability.

2. Included with the Nios II Embedded Design Suite, but licensed separately.

3. Included with the Nios II Embedded Design Suite.

Software Development Tools

Company	Product	Description
Wind River	Workbench for Nios II embedded processor	Software development tools for embedded Linux on the Nios II processor.
Mentor Embedded	Sourcery CodeBench	GNU toolchain support for embedded Linux on the Nios II processor.
Mentor Embedded	Sourcery CodeBench	GNU toolchain support for the dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor-based SoC Virtual Target.
Altium	Tasking VX-toolset	Optimizing C compiler, assembler, linker, and locator.
MIPS Technologies (formerly FS2)	System Navigator	The System Navigator probe for Nios II processors is designed to support the special features and integrated peripherals of the Nios II cores embedded in Altera FPGAs.
Open-source community	Linux toolchain	Linux toolchain from the open-source community.
Open-source community	µCLinux toolchain	µLinux toolchain from the open-source community.